Move a grade between systems, 4.0, 10-point, German 1–5, Hungarian 1–5 and Italian 18–30, including the modified Bavarian formula used by German universities.
The standard method German institutions use to convert
a foreign grade: 1 + 3 × (Nmax − Nd) ÷ (Nmax − Nmin)
No formula can perfectly map a grade from one system to another, because the systems measure different things against different distributions. A 3.5 CGPA earned under NUST's relative grading, where letters are set by class distribution, does not represent the same achievement as a 3.5 earned under absolute grading with fixed percentage bands. Even though the number is identical.
Use conversions to understand roughly where you stand. When something official is at stake, submit your original transcript and let the receiving institution apply its own methodology.
Germany's 1.0–5.0 scale runs backwards relative to almost everything else: 1.0 is excellent, 4.0 is the minimum pass, 5.0 is a fail. A naive linear conversion that ignores direction will invert your result and turn a strong student into a failing one. This converter checks the direction of both scales.
Italian exams are marked out of 30 with 18 as the pass, and a failed exam is usually not recorded at all, so it never enters the average. Compare that with a 4.0 system, where an F is permanently averaged in at zero. Two students with identical underlying performance can end up with very different-looking records purely because of this rule.
For foreign admissions, credential evaluation or government applications, obtain an official equivalence certificate from your university's examination branch, or use a recognised evaluation service. An online converter (including this one) is a planning aid, not a document.