The University of Bologna is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world and a major host for scholarship students in Europe. Italian grading uses a 0–30 exam scale that behaves very differently from GPA systems.
The table runs to 15 grades. Below 18 the course earns you nothing.
The missing piece is percentage equivalence. UniBo grades in points and stops there, which means the number on a conversion site is somebody's assumption rather than policy.
A few numbers decide whether you graduate. Final degree mark is set at Out of 110, with 110 e lode as the maximum. That missing D is the detail people trip over, because there is nothing between the last passing grade and zero. Exam marking runs to Out of 30, minimum pass 18. Top mark runs to 30 e lode (30 with honours).
Two things remain unverified here. University of Bologna course pages verify the 30-point examination scale and 18/30 pass mark. Final degree-mark rules can include programme-specific components beyond the exam average. The grade table has a second gap beneath it. We keep both open pending an official text.
One document sits behind this page. When UniBo revises it, the numbers here follow, and until then the date at the top tells you how fresh the reading is.
| Exam marking | Out of 30, minimum pass 18 |
| Top mark | 30 e lode (30 with honours) |
| Final degree mark | Out of 110, with 110 e lode as the maximum |
| Credit system | CFU (equivalent to ECTS) |
| CGPA → percentage status | No universal official conversion published/verified |
We publish these openly rather than filling them with guesses. Help us close one.
Italian exams are marked out of 30 with 18 as the pass. A failed exam is normally simply not recorded, so it does not drag down the average. This is very different from an F on a 4.0 transcript. Averages are weighted by CFU (ECTS credits). The final degree mark is out of 110.
| Grade | Points | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 30 e lode | 30.00 | With honours — awarded at examiner discretion |
| 30 | 30.00 | Excellent |
| 29 | 29.00 | — |
| 28 | 28.00 | — |
| 27 | 27.00 | Very good |
| 26 | 26.00 | — |
| 25 | 25.00 | — |
| 24 | 24.00 | Good |
| 23 | 23.00 | — |
| 22 | 22.00 | — |
| 21 | 21.00 | Satisfactory |
| 20 | 20.00 | — |
| 19 | 19.00 | — |
| 18 | 18.00 | Minimum pass |
| Fail | 0.00 | Below 18 — no mark is recorded and the exam may be retaken |
Generally no. A failed exam is normally simply not recorded on your transcript and can be retaken, so it does not enter the weighted average. This is fundamentally different from an F on a 4.0 transcript, which permanently drags the CGPA down.
Your CFU-weighted exam average out of 30 is scaled to 110 (that is, (average / 30) x 110) and then thesis points, and sometimes honours or graduation-speed points, are added on top.